Saturday, August 31, 2019
Study Case Marketing About Harmonix
CASE STUDY: HARMONIX Harmonix is a company originally founded by Alex Rigopulos and Eran Egozy, they were the original developer of guitar hero series, the idea was originally create some demo software with the vision of providing a different way for people without music training or talent to experience the joy of playing and creating music. One of the most successful product that was produced by hamonix were guitar hero series, which subsequently became the fastest videogame in history to top 1 billion dollars just in north America. . )What marketing philosophy did harmonix use at first and how did their philosophy change? * The Marketing management philosophy used Harmonix, at first, was production oriented. The company focused on some demo software they had created in 1995, and the company focused on the internal capabilities rather than the wants or needs of customers. Then they tried the make a product by persons who wants know that will feel  be a rock star and decide to eng age with their customers, changing their philosophy to the market orientation.Since 2004 the company searched for the wants and likes of the customers creating products such as the microphone in karaoke Revolution, and in 2005 Guitar hero. This means that the company took actions by creating products to deliver and provide value to customers. The company seeks to satisfy needs , wants and likes of the customers with their products. S. W. O. T. STRENGHT * Innovation in the sector of video games * Strong brand image * Quality of the product (reality, sound, image) * Their games offer another experience that the consumers wants WEAKNESS * High prices Focus only in people with middle and higher incomes * Focus only in the music and entertainment market OPPORTUNITIES * New markets (games experiences) * New ways of advertising using internet THREAD * Increasing competitors * Indirect competition from other substitutes (other experiences with motion games) * Changing market experiences * I llegal downloading and piracy * Global economic conditions MARKETING MIX PRODUCT : like any other products have a life cycle, which begins at the time of its release, continues its growth and maturity, and finally goes into decline.They must understand each of the phases for the design, or strategies aiming at the attraction of video games to boost sales, it is for this reason that was listed as the fastest and most sales in history. PRICE: their units were sold at a higher price than other products on the market. By having so much market acceptance, Harmonix knew that despite the increase in their cost, their game was going to be one of the most competitive; the problem was that these prices keep out the people with low incomes, which is a big part of the market.DISTRIBUTION: still retains its operational autonomy, good budget for product development and licensing of music for their games. With its software can provide basic kinds of musical composition as an attribute to the parti cipants of the game, so funding invest for their internal costs and seek adjustments in the bid as and distribution consumer needs. PROMOTION: this company provides advertising that discloses a new way to experience the joy of playing and creating music through video games.Sales staff often plays an important role in word of public relations, Also they used a different way of advertising, using demos, tournaments with huge rewards that motivated the gamester to buy the game. Conclusion: * In conclusion this company show their evolution , through the time since that Harmonix beginning when was had created in grad school in 1995. Even now when this company developement fun and extraordinary videogames and one philosophy that will could satisfy  the needs , wants and likes of their customers. Related post: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Management
Price Discrimination Revised Essay
Jane, thinking that a vacation in San Francisco to visit her parents would provide her with a much-needed rest, bought a ticket two weeks in advance for a weekend flight. She would be sitting in 11A. On the day before Jane’s flight, Freya gets a call from her boss, instructing her to attend the company’s meeting in San Francisco. She booked a flight for the next day immediately upon getting the call. Freya sat in 11B            Freya paid $500 more than Jane for basically the same service, occupying adjacent seats. And this is a prime example of price discrimination. * * *            Price discrimination is simply the charging of different prices to different customers (Stavins, 1996, p. 3). It is characterized as price discrimination when the difference in prices are not due to difference in costs.            Scott Woolley writing for Forbes.Com simplified it further, saying that price discrimination is when an airline charge some customers more than other customers for the same (or almost the same) thing (Woolley, 1998.)            Tricia Ellis-Christensen stated that price discrimination is a widespread practice, and it doesn’t â€Å"necessarily imply negative discrimination.†           Price discrimination is categorized into degrees depending on the market segmentation, the customer’s ability to pay or demand elasiticity. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).            First-degree price discrimination occurs when identical goods are sold at different prices. This is most evident in the sale of both new and used cars wherein the salesperson gauges the maximum price at which the car can be sold. This type often includes bargaining, or negotiating for a lower price (Ellis-Christensen, undated).            Second-degree price discrimination is when lower prices are charged for bulk or higher quantities (Ellis-Christensen, undated).            Third degree price discrimination requires understanding the market, and is more prevalent. This type often plays on segments of the target market. An example is discounts offered to students. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).            Conditions for Price Discrimination. Joanna Stavins further explains that for an airline or company to successfully discriminate on price, it must have some market power, to be able to charge prices above the marginal cost. Typically it has monopolized that business. Another condition is the heterogeneousity of its consumers. Lastly, product resale should be costly and impossible, to prevent arbitrage. (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)            Stavins also explained that the â€Å"monopolistically competitive: conditions in air transportation business allows for price discrimination. (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)            Stavins stated that airlines differentiate between each other by offering different flight schedules and routes. Stavins also wrote that airlines attach various restrictions to cheaper tickets, making them more unattractive to consumers who give more importance to time and convenience. Meaning, a business traveler wouldn’t mind paying more to ensure that he arrives on time, as opposed to a passenger on a budget.            Advantages.  In some cases, price discrimination can implement efficient prices (Armstrong, 2006 p. 6). Arvind Sahay writes that pricing products differently can increase revneues and profits by 8% and 25% (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).            Price discrimination also opens markets, as in offering one’s goods at a high value market at a certain price, while giving it at a lower price at a lower value market. (Armstrong, 2006 p. 8)   This way, a business owner can reallocate demand to more suitable times while supply is limited (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).            On a more practical level, price discrimination will enable more firms to increase revenue, which can then be used for research and development. Consumers, on the other hand, will be able to benefit from lower fares (economicshelp.org, undated).            Disadvantages. On the other hand, some consumers will end up paying higher prices. Price discrimination will also cause a decline in consumer surplus. There maybe costs associated with segmenting market. Price discrimination also opens the field for predatory pricing (economicshelp.org, undated). Price Discrimination in Airlines            The increasing use of price discrimination, in all industries, is due to the new and affordable technology that most companies can install and use. Recent studies have also shown that consumers will pay different prices if the companies use the right approach (Sahay, 2007, p. 53).            In short, these days, airlines are pulling off price discrimination easily. On a purely technical level, Airlines are able to practice the third degree of price discrimination (segmentation-based), and even to some respects, the second degree of price discrimination by employing yield management tools.            Cunningham and Brady explains that airlines have been dividing their customers into groups: government vs. business vs. leisure travellers, first or economy class, etc. With the advent of the computer and I.T., airlines have gained more ability to match fares with their customers’ demands. (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 10).            Yield Management tools allows the airline to sell the right seat to the right passenger at the right time and price, basically charging various rates for the perceived service benefit (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).            Also, yield management allows for Ramsey pricing, which involves varying the prices for fare based on demand elasticity in relation to the marginal cost. Meaning, the more sensitive the market is to its price, the closer its price will be to the marginal cost. This explains why business market fares are higher than those who are on vacation (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).            Since it is not easy to explain various yield management techniques of airlines, it would be best to look at practical scenarios for airline companies. Empirically, here are some examples of airline price discrimination.            Joseph Turow, writing for the Washington Posts, cites an example regarding airline Web sites that offer lower fares for first-time customers (Turrow, 2005). Technology has also made it easier for businesses such as airlines to do customer profiling. Turrow (2005) and Wooley (1998) insinuates that since businesses can now use computers and databases to store more information about a customer, it can create profiles on that customers and price accordingly. Turrow cited the case when Amazon.Com came under fire for selling the same compact disc album to different customers at varying discounts. Wooley, on the other hand, says that catalogs sent to somebody who lives in a high-end neighborhood include only one price, while the another version of the catalogs featuring the same products sent to other less-glitzy neighborhoods have discount information on them. With more and more information about the customer being easily made available, the more airlines know how to push the correct buttons and learn their ability to pay, and their willingness to pay.            Airlines also give â€Å"early-bird discounts†wherein those who book early get lower prices. This type of price discrimination plays on demand inelasticity.            People who book late are usually those who needs to be on the plane, and thus would be willing to pay any price just to get to where one wants to be. (Riley, 2006). Differences in ticket pricing is most reliant on supply and demand (Devlin, 2002). Fredrik Wallenberg explains that to get an advance purchase discount, one will have to book from one to three weeks in advance. (2000, p. 7)            On the other hand, SoYouWanna.Com advises that some of the cheapest plane tickets become available at the last minute. This is due to the fact that airlines typically want to fly with a full plane. Also, airline seats are seen as a perishable product, in the event that they are not used before â€Å"expiration†it becomes worthless (Sahay, 2007, p. 55)            Other airlines also use â€Å"Saturday night stay-over†as a mechanism for price discrimination. Airlines set a higher rate for business travelers who are unwilling to spend the weekend away from home (Wallenberg, 2000).            For some, airlines often reward loyal customers with a lower price on premium tickets if they’ve reached a certain number of mile on their frequent-fliers programs. Keith Devlin said that he was able to buy a round trip ticket from San Francisco to Milan for a bargain price of $1000. Devlin upgraded it to business class at no cost. Devlin got the bargain beceause he has earned enough miles on United’s Mileage Plus. Devlin adds that a colleague who will be on the same flight at the same time, was not able to upgrade (Devlin, 2002).            US Airways has the EZ Savers Club, which is actually an automated mailing list where subscribers can get mails detailing reduced rates on specified travel dates (Bringing market discipline†¦, 1998).            Other programs are age-dependent. Students and seniors typically get a discount on airlines.            Another form of price discrimination employed by airlines is temporary seasonal discounts for airfares that are meant to increase business. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).            Airlines have a big market with a large number of heterogenous customers, the more disparate their customers are and their behaviors, the more willing their customers would be to pay different prices (Sahay, 2007, p. 56).            Is Price Discrimination Illegal? Price discrimination may be illegal in some cases.            However, for it to be deemed illegal, it has to be seen in light of anti-competitiveness. Carl Person said that the Robinson-Patman Act protects victims of unlawful price discrimination. Persons provided the following example where in a retail store purchases the same thing from the same supplier for a much higher price. The store who bought the merchandise at a higher price would be unable to compete on price and usually loses business to its competitor (Persons, 1997).            The Federal Trade Commission clarifies that price discrimination may be used as a â€Å"predatory pricing tactic†to harm competition at the supplier’s level (Federal Trade Commission, undated).            This whole scenario doesn’t apply to airline tickets. Imperfect Information            In a perfect world or market situation, each consumer should have perfect information about the price of services and goods. However, information problems are highly ostentatious in complex and opaque markets, where there is infrequent patronage. Markets with intermediaries or those with a time lag between the time of purchase and the expected benefits are also susceptible to the problem. The airline industry is also a primary industry for imperfect information due to its complex pricing structures (Lindley, 2007, p. 74).            Imperfect information could harm a customer because it would effectively prevent him from turning to certain potential substitutes (Lande, 2007).            Moreover, some customers might not know of the existence of an option. Some customers might not even realize that best cost-saving option (Lande, 2007).            In short, as Dominic Lindley writes, the customer may not buy the cheapest or even the most appropriate product or service; may buy a service or product that does not perform as well as planned; or may be unaware of their rights and remedies if something goes wrong (Lindley, 2007, p. 74). Conclusion            It all boils down to the fact that imperfect information could hinder a customer from making a more informed decision about what he’s purchasing.            Determining the cost of an airline ticket is a complicated task. With price discrimination, it really just an interplay of demand and the customer’s ability to pay. Price discrimination allows businesses to optimize their operations for maximum benefits and income on their marginal costs. Airlines, among other businesses, are in a position to exploit that advantage because they satisfy all conditions needed for price discrimination.            For consumers and passengers to get the optimum value for their money, they must be vigilant. They must know their options, and choose accordingly. References  Armstrong, Mark. (2006). Price Discrimination. University College London. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. Brady, Stephen P. and Cunningham, William A . (2001). Exploring predatory pricing in the airline industry. Transportation Journal, 41(1), 5-15. Retrieved 21 April 2008 from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 124411971). Bringing market discipline to pricing. (1998, January). Businessline,1. 21 Retrieved April 2008, from ProQuest Asian Business and Reference database. (Document ID: 25422269). Devlin, Keith. (2002). The crazy math of airline ticket pricing. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. Ellis-Christensen Tricia. What is Price Discrimination? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. Lande, Robert. (2007). Market Power Without A Large Market Share: The Role of Imperfect Information and other â€Å"Consumer Protection†Market Failures. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. Lindley, Dominic. (2007). Imperfect information for consumers. Consumer Policy Review, 17(3), 74-79. Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1328552571). Persons, Carl E. (1997). Do You Have an RPA Price Discrimination Claim? Retrieved on 3 April Riley, Geoff. (2006) Price Discrimination. Eton College. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. Stavins, Joanna. (1996). Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. SOYOUWANNA FIND A CHEAP PLANE TICKET? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. Sahay, Arvind. (2007). How Dynamic Pricing Leads to Higher Profits. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(4), 53. Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1360146151). Turow, Joseph. (2005). Have they got a deal for you. Washington Post. Retrieved on 3 April Wallenberg, Fredrik. (2000). A study of airline pricing. School of Information Management & Systems, University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. Wooley, Scott. (1998). Mine was cheaper! Forbes.Com. Retrieved on 3 April 2008.
Friday, August 30, 2019
How Music Education Helps Students Education Essay
A music instruction is profound on pupils because it provides a assortment of womb-to-tomb wages ; hence, it should be encouraged and instilled in the school course of study.Why Students Should Analyze MusicStudents should analyze music because it offers them the ability to show themselves and larn to work independently and with others every bit good as logical thought, teamwork, perceptual experience, a sense of accomplishment, and an esteem for the humanistic disciplines.Benefits of a Music EducationPersons benefit from a music instruction through as it helps certain parts of the encephalon develop, along with IQ, reading degree, and a sharper memory come with exposure to music. Learning to play an instrument can be compared to larning another linguistic communication and can be disputing at times. Students have to be disciplined in order to get the hang playing an instrument ; it takes clip and committedness which in bend sets criterions of quality that enhances their desire for a cademic excellence.How Music Education Helps StudentsA music instruction allows pupils to show feelings and have a self-identity. Band and orchestra members are less likely to smoke, imbibe intoxicant, or experiment with other drugs than other non-music childs. An instruction in music besides allows pupils to bond with other members in their group who portion common thoughts, beliefs, and behaviours and to be included in multiple coteries, where they feel like they belong.Music Teaches Lifelong SkillsSkills which are indispensable in the work force and community are developed through music survey. The humanistic disciplines besides help excite economic activity by pulling tourers to events and hence increasing the community ‘s local revenue enhancement base. Students involved in their music instruction plan said music is what defines them because it helps them show themselves. A music instruction really does what is said to be true about itA Music Education: The IncomparableIn troductionWhat sort of an instruction do you desire for your kids? Are you satisfied with an instruction sufficient for them to graduate or make you desire them to work at something to the point that it ‘s every bit perfect as they can do it ( Gill, Rogers, and Rogers, 2000 ) ? A music instruction gives pupils subject, strength, and possible along with the resources of teacher support and ego appraisal for every pupil to larn. These accomplishments help pupils all throughout their lives, no affair what they do. The benefits of music instruction are profound on pupils ; hence, it should be encouraged in the school course of study.Why Students Should Analyze MusicWhy should pupils analyze music and is at that place anything society could make to promote all kids to hold the experience? Music offers pupils the ability to show themselves and larn to work independently and with others ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Whether it is set or choir, pupils have to pattern th e music over and over by themselves to finally be able to work with others in dry runs and compose an outstanding public presentation. Because of the humanistic disciplines personal connexion to largely everything we want for our kids and schools, they deserve a topographic point in the course of study. Analyzing music besides teaches pupils, logical thought, teamwork, perceptual experience, and esteem for the humanistic disciplines ; plus, it is fun at the same clip and gives pupils a sense of accomplishment which is invaluable to parents and schools ( Frisco School of Music, 2012 ) . In association, with the survey: The Benefits of Humanistic disciplines Education: An Probe of Causality and Individual Perceptions composed by Dr. Barbara Airulla, we besides see similar benefits persons receive from holding an instruction in the humanistic disciplines. She asked respondents composed of both parents and non-parents whether they believe that instruction in the ocular humanistic disciplines and music contributes to other academic success? ( Such as higher classs or trial tonss in other topics like math or scientific discipline. ) Of the 150 respondents, she received responses of 125 yes ( 93.98 % ) , 8 no ( 6 % ) , and 17 non-responses. In the 2nd portion to this inquiry she besides asked them to bespeak one ground why they believe ocular humanistic disciplines and music instruction contribute to academic success ( Airulla, B. 2004 ) . The undermentioned diagram indicates the responses she received: Figure 1: Reasons why you believe instruction in ocular humanistic disciplines and music contributes to other academic success. ( Airulla, B. , 2004 ) . Many of these responses are similar to the results found through research and you can see that people genuinely believe a music instruction has a great impact on persons. However, on the contrast to these old surveies and many more, some school principals, overseers, school board functionaries, and instructors are still blinded by the valuable effects of music to a pupil ‘s instruction.Benefits of a Music EducationIn bend, what benefits are gained through music and how can humans win from analyzing it? Thinking abilities grow, pupils are more occupied in what they study, and they learn from each other through music. The development of certain parts of the encephalon along with IQ, reading degree, and a sharper memory come with exposure to music. Every clip instrumentalists perform, they have to modify the round, pacing, phrases, pitch, temper, and musical technique. From these uninterrupted challenges, the encephalon becomes improbably skilled at multitasking ( Children ‘ s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . When the Princeton, New Jersey based College Entrance Examination Board looked at SAT tonss of college-bound high school seniors, they discovered instrumentalists of 6 old ages or more scored 57 points higher on the trials verbal subdivision and 41 points higher in math than their non-art equals ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . A survey shown by the Glen Burnie County School District in Maryland stated test tonss of 223 4th through 6th class pupils both involved in and missing music instruction showed no distinguishable difference. Those pupils involved within the music plan showed no marks of increased trial tonss than their non-music equals ( Corral, 1998 ) . However, this survey was conducted on kids between 4th through 6th grade pupils who have non had adequate musical experience in order to efficaciously heighten trial tonss ; hence, this information is irrelevant and can non be used to find the consequence of music on its participants. In spring 2006, the Harris Interactive canvass of high school principals noted a drastically higher category attending of 93.3 per centum and a 90.2 per centum graduation rate among schools with music plans. Unlike their antagonist, schools without music classs merely obtain attending of 84.9 per centum among pupils and a graduation rate of 72.9 per centum ( NAfME, 2012 ) . These are simply a few of the legion successes of a music instruction. Figure 2: Comparison of graduation and attending rates among schools with a music instruction vs. those without a music instruction. Not merely does music instruction make pupils smarter, it besides teaches subject and heed. Learning to play an instrument can be compared to larning another linguistic communication and can be disputing at times. Students have to be disciplined in order to get the hang playing an instrument ; it takes clip and committedness to put out clip each twenty-four hours to pattern, pattern, and pattern some more ( Petress, 2005 ) . Musicians learn workmanship as they study how inside informations are put together fastidiously and what constitutes good, as opposed to mediocre work. The National Education Longitundinal Study showed these criterions of excellence have had an consequence on the enormous sums of academic and honor awards pupils receive ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . School systems ought to demand music instruction as a new degree of excellence and a rank of virtue all parents and schools should desire for kids.How Music Education Helps StudentsAlong with the old be nefits of a music instruction, music besides allows pupils to show feelings and have a self-identity. Band and orchestra members are less likely to smoke, imbibe intoxicant, or experiment with other drugs than other non-music childs ( Frisco School of Music, 2012 ) . A sense of accomplishment comes with music. Once pupils achieve their end, the satisfaction they feel is invaluable and is surely something to be proud of. Music helps us happen our self-identity and allows us to see into our privy inner universes by showing which type ( s ) of music we enjoy. For this ground, group individualism through music is both wide and limited. An instruction in music may let a pupil to be included in multiple coteries, every bit good as excepting them. The bonding of members in a group who portion common thoughts, beliefs, and behaviours is formed through this construct. Music besides helps insulate and divide one coterie from another. Hazard taking through music public presentation teaches pup ils to get the better of fright and prevent it from going a job subsequently in life ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Learning through music allows pupils to be themselves in their ain manner. Should n't every parent want this for their kid? Have you of all time wondered how a kid sees the universe? A music instruction offers kids the ability to detect the universe otherwise. Cultural instruction is continually learned and encouraged through exhibition of the humanistic disciplines and humanistic disciplines ( NAfME, 2012 ) . Students who study music learn to esteem and hold understanding towards people of other point of views, civilizations, and imposts. Analyzing music is like larning a 2nd linguistic communication in which most people speak. Many instrumentalists have taken a piece of music and translated it into several linguistic communications and manners. It ‘s through thoughts like these, that people all around the universe are introduced to something they usually would ne'er take part in or listen to. Music cuts across racial, cultural, societal, educational, and economical limitations ( Petress, 2005 ) . It is of import that in every instruction system, schools teach pupils about different ways of life, a nd non merely the one pupils live in.Music Teaches Lifelong SkillsNot merely does a music instruction aid pupils throughout school, it teaches accomplishments which are indispensable in the work force and community. Increasingly obliging techniques established through an instruction in the humanistic disciplines are appealing to the direction and aggressiveness of the state ‘s work force ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Common art sections of the originative work force are multiplying at a rate of more than double the remainder of the state ‘s work force. Such units include painters, histrions, lensmans and writers. Within these sections are persons employed in architecture, manner design, movie, picture, music, and package development ( NAfME, 2012 ) . The humanistic disciplines besides help excite economic activity by pulling tourers and increasing the community ‘s local revenue enhancement base ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . These are s ome of the many advantages music instruction offers pupils in the work force and throughout their life-time. Students ‘ point of views on how studying music helps them, is an of import factor in schools taking to necessitate music in the course of study. Members of New Milford ‘s music plan and Wagner ‘s orchestra Pitt say their music accomplishments have helped them in faculty members such as math and scientific discipline. Based on neurological trials, Mr. Michael Pitt, president of the music section at Robert Wagner Middle School and president of the Music Education Association of New York City, says â€Å" it has been proven that pupils who have a hands-on experience in the humanistic disciplines achieve more elaborate job work outing in faculty members than pupils who are introduced to computing machines at immature age †( Gill et al. , 2000 ) . By an extra and advanced vocabulary and a more focussed schoolroom, pupils have besides learned to hold forbearance in what they do ( Rubin, 2007 ) . Obviously, pupils enjoy music and like that it ‘s something th ey can make recreationally, but music instruction is besides a category to look frontward to at school. It is different from the needed categories because there are no trials and few dull minutes where pupils sit at that place listening to the instructor. Students need this chance to take a interruption from the required nucleus categories in which most of them dread. New Milford ‘s high school pupils involved in their music instruction plan said music is what defines them. Music helps them show themselves and demo others music is cool and non simply for geeks ( Rubin, 2007 ) . A music instruction really does what is said to be true about it ; trial tonss have improved and are go oning to come on, while music helps pupils find their self-image. An instruction in music besides relieves emphasis on pupils, and broadens their skylines. Former President Bill Clinton provinces, â€Å" music is about communicating, creativeness, and cooperation, and by analyzing music in school, pupils have the chance to construct on these accomplishments, enrich their lives, and see the universe from a new position. †This quotation mark sums up the cardinal points of why an instruction in music is good to most people. We must proclaim and promote a new attack for other pupils, parents, and schools find a manner to appreciate music before it is excessively late ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) .DecisionAn of import decision to come out of this treatment is we as a society return music for granted. Human existences need to be educated with all types of instruction in order to accomplish maximal human potency. By back uping this position, you could assist put music in the nucleus of the school course of study. All pupils ought to hold an chance to meet and spread out their endowments in all educational systems. Schools demand to maintain and implement the humanistic disciplines in instruction because they set up in pupils a life style that last a life-time.RecommendationsIn order to promote music instruction in schools, I recommend that people do their best to inform the populace and school decision makers about the impacts a music instruction has on persons. The more advocators we have to assist back up the position of set uping music instruction in the school curriculum the better opportunity persons will hold at wining in life. By prolonging this position we can greatly impact the lives of future coevalss for old ages to come.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Merriwell Bag Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Merriwell Bag Company - Case Study Example Furthermore, demand forecasting helps in constructing the pricing decisions as well as estimating the investment requirements for the future use (Lapide, 2006). From the demand forcast, it can be noted that the demand for the bags are maximum in the market in the pick season. It shows that Merriwell Bag Company’s bag demands depend largely upon its seasonality. However, it can also be observed that the demand for the bag declines steeply in the market during the off-season. Even though, from an overall perspective a growing trend can be witnessed in the demand forecasted. To certain extent the accuracy of forecasting can be improved through selecting separate forecasting groups with proper management control system. The primary objective of forecasting group is to make plans in order to collect appropriate information related to demand. The members of the forecasting group should be well trained in this regards. Members of the group should use both the qualitative and quantitative method in forecasting to gain more accurate information along with development of new measures for improving forecasting in future. After every session the group member should measure the processed method and re-analyze the data collected to minimize errors (Moon, Mentzer, Smith, & Garver, 1998). The forecasting method used by Ed Merriwell in the prior years was based upon his ‘feel’ which has been recently observed as ineffective in terms of accuracy. According to the quantitative method used, the sales of the organization are likely to increase during the entire year of 2008, especially in the season time. However, in establishing the new sales forecast, Ed Merriwell’s ‘feel’ is quite likely to have a negative impact on the operational process owing to the changes in the personnel associated with the customer purchasing departments along with the rapid increase in the short-shipped accounts. It is worth mentioning in this regard that quantitative method
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
TQM Impact on Company Performance Research Paper
TQM Impact on Company Performance - Research Paper Example This research paper evaluates the effectiveness of tactical strategies, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) used for operations management on overall business performance. Tactical Strategies and Operations Management Overall business performance are assessed based on main corporate priorities such as service, employee performance and motivation, competitive advantage, and growth and profits (Milgate, 2004). It is at the tactical management level that various methods, plans, policies, and techniques are designed and are implemented in operations; these will help in achieving the corporate-level strategies and organizational objectives (Lowson, 2002). In fact, strategies at operations level aid in setting short-term objectives for long-term organizational objectives through tactical operations aspirations that will assist in planning resources, technologies, capabilities for routine operations. It is at this level that strategies and their practices for continuous improvement, lear ning and knowledge management, quality focus etc can be entwined with operational methods and practices meant to achieve overall organizational evolution and growth. Role of TQM in Operations Management: Tactical strategies and plans are meant for functional areas, which need to be implemented by the operations managers. Moreover, tactical plans would require modification or reformulation to suit respective functional areas (Smit, 2007). From this perspective, Kumar et al (2009) have highlighted that many researchers emphasize the role of tactical strategies like the TQM on company’s performance; however, their study actually assesses the role of TQM on various different aspects of company’s performance such as financial, operations, employee performance, customer satisfaction, etc. In actual sense, this study attempts to assess the impact of TQM practices on overall company performance and on achieving the overall corporate strategy. Many argue that modified strategie s fail to produce the desired outcome, or are not implemented as required because of incongruence with functional processes, training and understanding issues, inappropriate approaches and inefficient involvement. Advantages and Limitations of TQM: Kumar et al’s (2009) study clearly indicated that tactical strategies such as TQM actually help in improving company performance in terms of employee relations and motivation, products and service quality, customer satisfaction and growth as well as profitability. However, pieces of evidence exist that indicate inefficient outcomes of TQM procedures. For example, Brown, Hitchcock, and Willard (1994) highlighted that when TQM principles are applied for short-term gains, it cannot produce desired outcomes because TQM process is long-term and is time-consuming (Belasen, 2000). Adaptation of TQM is a dynamic process and requires the constant substitution of challenging standards and values. TQM places high expectations on people and re quires highest involvement and ownership form them. Even well-known organizations that adopted TQM have not sustained the results for the longer time. Â
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6
Project Management - Essay Example Restaurants solve this problem and provide consumers with cooked food items. The time required to obtain cooked food does decrease but the decrease depends on the type of restaurant. Fast food restaurants have cooked food that is ready to serve with minimal need for service making them the fastest food providers. In essence, fast food restaurants have greater chances of being a business success than other larger and more exquisite restaurants for two reasons. The first advantage is that the consumer base for fast food restaurants is large and the second advantage is that the initial investment is small. In addition, fast food restaurants are more environmentally friendly since the processed food requires far less raw materials than exquisite dining options. On another note, the waste produced from fast food joints is also lower since lower amounts of food items are processed and so lower amounts of waste is produced. The other major benefactors from a fast food restaurant would be th e consumers being served and the investors backing the project. The consumers would be provided with fresh varieties of fast food in order to provide a diverse eating experience. Alternatively, the appeal of new varieties of fast food are expected to bring in attractive returns for the people investing in the proposed project. Project Risks The proposed project stands to get affected from a number of internal and external risks. For one thing, a fast food restaurant is a business that faces stiff competition at start since there are a lot of different fast food restaurants already present in the market. The presence of well established competitors means that the new business will have to create a loyal customer base and then expand it while old and new competitors exist in the market. Moreover, customers in the fast food category have already developed tastes for fast foods being offered at various kinds of fast food restaurants. This is comparable to the beverage industry, where fo r example, a Pepsi customer will not ask for Coca Cola and vice versa. There is a risk that when the new fast food restaurant opens, it may take a lot of time to develop consumer’s taste in new varieties of fast food. In the short run, this could mean a prolonged principal amount recovery period but in the long run this strategy would result in a loyal customer base. Another thing that must be kept in mind is the fragile state of the overall economy. When the economy is performing well, it could be expected that new business survival would be easy since people would be spending with an open hand. In more restrictive fiscal situations, such as the current state of the economy, consumers have smaller disposable incomes and they are less willing to take risks with their money. A consumer would prefer to take fast food from a restaurant whose taste they are already familiar with rather than trying out a new fast food restaurant. The opening up of a new business also poses some mo re familiar risks such as finding the right kind of labor and ensuring retention of good workers. For a fast food restaurant, highly capable chefs would be required to churn out recipes that can be produced in no time and that would cater to the tastes of the target market. In addition, fast food requires that the business have a committed supplier base who can deliver products at the most optimal prices. Larger fast food chains such as McDonalds and KFC have the distinct advantage of ordering in bulk and having many
Monday, August 26, 2019
Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Summaries - Essay Example There is no safety net that ensures the society is not held hostage by a few individuals, and thus is not a fair system for those who are not able to make ends meet. This system satisfies the wishes and objectives of a few in the society who are able to manipulate their way up the social ladder. Feminists believe that the dismantling of the capitalist’s way of thinking will play a decisive role in liberating the underprivileged from oppression (Christian, 2011). Communism, on the other hand, is a revolutionary movement that creates a freer market, and classless, moneyless and stateless society. It is based upon common ownership of the means of production as principles that aim at establishing a social order. This brings together the social, political and economic ideologies. It is centered on the belief in the power of the people and pooling of resources and labor thereby encouraging collective ownership (Christian, 2011). It is a way of avoiding the exploitations that become prevalent through feudal systems. It brings the rights of the poor to the fore with each individual having a chance to exercise their rights. In this system the will of the people becomes the law. It equates all people while ensuring that everyone benefits from communal resources. Feminists see this as their liberation from the oppressive past as the communists built the foundation of the 1950’s and 1960’s liberation movements (Christian, 2011). Qn2: Karl Marx, communism & alienated labor Karl Marx believed in the need for the end of exploitation that was perpetuated by only a few individuals through the oppression of the rest in the society. He designed the communist way of thinking as a way of fighting the evils of capitalism and as a way of ending the status quo conflict (Christian, 2011). He believed communism was one best way of bringing people together and putting them in a position that would make it highly unlikely for humans to exploit fellow beings. Those wit h the private means of production would lose it to the community making it possible for the community to take over. Equity would prevail after oppression is done away with, which, in turn, would provide abundant opportunities with few limitations or barriers for people to achieve their goals. Each would give according to their abilities and receive according to their needs (Christian, 2011). The alienation of labor brought about by the class system would cease to exist as everyone would have a chance to provide for the communal needs. Workers will not be held captive by their bosses as they would become autonomous and self-realized human beings. Alienation made the workers express their social aspect through a production system that was unfairly owned and this meant that their goals would be directed by the highly privatized production system, and communism sought to break this ideology. Qn 3: Nietzsche and the Eternal Return The concept of the eternal return is based on speculation that the universe has been recurring and will continue to do so in a similar form. This process goes on for an infinite number of times within an infinite space. If time and space are infinite, then the world has had experiences that will be repeated over and over in an infinite proposition. Nietzsche posits that what has happened in the past will come to play again in the future. Thus, the cycle of the future emanates from the past cycles and this is a process that recurs more often
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Who were the anasazi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Who were the anasazi - Essay Example This ancient Pueblo civilization remains mysterious. Their economic activity was farming, gathering and hunting, especially during famine occasioned by drought and cold weather. The Anasazi people sheltered in clay made pueblos. The pueblos mostly housed many families at a time as expanding an existent pueblo was more convenient compared to erecting a new one. They spoke different languages, including Tiwa, Tewa, Zuni, Keresan, and Hopi. They adorned clothing woven expansive frame looms and always made bracelets, earrings, necklaces, wood, turquoise and armbands. Their footwear included Moccasins, snowshoes and sandals (Hillerman pp25-27). Their religion was based on the belief in the significance of nature and its harmony with the universe. Vital religious practices involved observing the moon, stars, and sun. The Anasazi performed rituals and prayers to appreciate successful harvest and hunting. Clan classification was determined by female bloodline. Conventionally, Pueblo societies were matriclocal and matrilineal. They appreciated unity and rarely went into
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Wal-Marts shift to Radio Frequency Identification Essay
Wal-Marts shift to Radio Frequency Identification - Essay Example With money, people could easily purchase exactly what they wanted or needed. This continued on for a few centuries and is still in use in the world though not in the same sense as it used to be before. Today science and technology have revolutionized each and every aspect of human life. Shopping and business are no exceptions-they too have been profoundly modified by technology. Credit cards, billing systems, shopping on the web, internet bank accounts and the system of barcodes on products are some of the examples that depict the extent to which technology has penetrated into this frontier. Even though many advances have been made, global concerns are growing regarding aspects like shoplifting, piracy and misappropriation of products. To check these many solutions have been proposed like the bar code system and most recently the RFID technology. This technology has both merits and demerits as does every other technology ever conceived. Wal Mart's decision to make use of it has given it an impetus. This essay describes about the prospects and aspects of RFID technology keeping Wal Mart in the background. RFID, an emerging technology, stands for Radio Frequency Identification. ...An RFID tag is a small object, such as an adhesive sticker, that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person. RFID tags contain antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radio-frequency queries from an RFID transceiver. Passive tags require no internal power source." The tags are generally miniaturized electronic circuits enclosed in protective cases. When they absorb signal from a reading device they get activated and send out data to the reading device. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing(RFID: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2005). In this way details like its location etc can be ascertained by the reading device. Based on power consumption tags are classified as active or passive. Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. They do not contain any batteries inside them. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the tag to transmit a response. Lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small and light weight: commercially available products exist that can be embedded into many products. As of 2005, the smallest such devices commercially available measured 0.4 mm 0.4 mm, which is thinner than a sheet of paper; such devices are practically invisible to the naked eye (RFID: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2005).
Friday, August 23, 2019
Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2
Nursing research - Essay Example It is important for an outcome measure to be reliable, sensitive to change, and valid. Hence, the outcome measure adopted is reliable in that the questions in the measure are easy to understand and enhances easy evaluation of the program. Importantly, the outcome measure provides an accurate indicator of the intended measure it should focus on, which makes the outcome measure valid (Royse, Thyer, & Padgett, 2009). On the other hand, it is evident that the outcome measure evaluated successful implementation of the program. Finally, the outcome measure is sensitive to change since its focus is on aspects that contribute to successful implementation of the program. The outcome measure, which is structured in form of a Likert-Scale questionnaire, will be the best tool to use in order to evaluate the outcome. The questionnaire, which is provided as Appendix 1, will evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented change. The questionnaire focuses on mothers since they are the best suited individuals to evaluate their children’s pain. Importantly, it is essential to point out that the items in the provided questionnaire conceptualize the elements of effective pain management in children. After the implementation of the change, the questionnaire will provide the healthcare facility with an opportunity to evaluate the success of the program. Evaluation requires a combination of human and financial resources in order for it to be effective. In this case, human resources will be an essential component of the evaluation process since they will provide the questionnaires to the parents for filling and consequently collect them after filling. On the other hand, the pain nurse is a component of the human resources required in the evaluation since she will walk through the pediatric ward and identify any inconsistencies in the program. Conversely, it is important to note that financial resources
Health Care Administration Ethics Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Health Care Administration Ethics - Movie Review Example On this basis, he was not an expert of a leverage buyout. Initiating a merger with the company would have proved successful, and on this note, it was surprising for him to engage in a buyout. Another issue is that he tried to remodel RJR Nabisco, which was a company that consisted of a diverse group of companies. He was not successful in this attempt. However, his decision to buy RJR Nabisco experienced some challenges with the emergence of another company, referred to as KKR. These are experts in LBO buyouts, and this result in a series of negotiations and exchanges, leading to the failure of the buyout. One of the opinions raised by the author is that leveraged buyouts have to be conducted by people experienced in the same. This is because the author is able to depict in the movie that Ross Johnson was not qualified enough to engage in a leveraged buyout because he was an expert of a buyout, and not a merger (Thomas, 74). On this basis, the KKR Company was better placed to handle the buyout, as opposed to the firm employed by Ross Johnson that is Shearson Lehmann. Furthermore, the author is against leverage buyout, and this is because it uses the company’s debts and equity as collateral in purchasing a given company. In the view of the author, this is unethical business practice. Furthermore, the author identifies the greed and corrupt activities of Wall Street managers, whose ambition is driven by making more money. This was the case of Ross Johnson, as well as the managers of KKR Company. They were engaged in a series of price wars, and negotiations, without involving the shareholders, or even catering for the interests of the shareholders (Russell, 17). These opinions by the author are valid, and they are even reflected in the real life situation of the business world. For instance, Lehman Brothers was an equity investment company that collapsed in
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Existing Philosophies in Education Essay Example for Free
Existing Philosophies in Education Essay Introduction – Sex and the education of the children and youth about it is a point of social concern that always creates ethical, moral and professional criticisms, because of reasons ranging from the consideration of the topic of sex and its position in contemporary beliefs as well as the constant tug-of-war between conservative and liberals in education as to what should be done best in sex and its place in the educational system. The article Talking about Sex provided an insightful point in this particular dilemma that modern day societies face today, noting the persistence of ‘sex and sexuality’ in modern day advertising while people at the same time frown on the idea of teaching sex education inside schools and learning institutions. A Family Education. com article puts the issue in a better perspective, saying that teachers as individuals also carry their own particular ‘issues and concerns’ about sex and that it may affect the manner by which the teacher teaches about sex education. Kakuchi (2004) reports about how Japan considers general sex education as something that is considered harmful to some children even when the same report acknowledges the fact that the focus on a more streamlined sex education is very urgent in the country with the knowledge of the educators and academicians of the level of awareness of children about sex and how a large portion of it was not taken from school lessons, classroom discussions and home teaching, simply because the requirements of the effective sex education teaching will go against existing traditional practices and societal beliefs which would not bend and accommodate this particular educational need children continue to face even now that the world is in the 21st century. Many believe that sex should be taught in school, while others believe that it should remain in the confines of private education, in a manner of how-a-person discovers it, so that it retains the sense of privacy that sex should have. For institutions that teaches sex education, there still is a snag every once in a while especially if the manner by which sex education is being taught does not create the proper mindset, attitude and learning experience for the student. As much it is highly necessary that children are provided with the correct information about sex education, most of the time, the process is not as simple as that. What is equally important is that†¦ Some may argue that sex education is something which should be taught by a specific person, but the truth is every teacher is responsible for having sufficient knowledge in sex education because it is something that everyone experiences; it is something that everyone would be wondering and curious about, â€Å"all kids wonder about where babies come from†, says an article about teaching sex education; it is not math that general and complex computations should be memorized and mastered for the teacher to become a competent instructor in this particular topic, since sex is less of a topic and more of an everyday experience and teachers should help the students synthesize the everyday experience with sex curiosity and the information that it provides / generates by the demonstration of the effective use of the inquiry method in teaching. Research statement One of the reasons for the poor synthesis of children of the solicited facts, beliefs and possible fallacies involved in the overall education and formulation of the set of beliefs as well as the foundation for the attitude and behavior towards sex and the human reproductive system is the absence of the key characteristics expected of teachers as explained in the inquiry method or inquiry education espoused by Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner, and that as a result of which, many present day sexual deviants and sex-related criminals are, in part, a section of the group (that which contains individuals with adverse sexual inhibitions and bearers of misguided sex-related information) that fail to be good learners because of the ineffective use of the inquiry method / inquiry education by the teacher, particularly about sex. Supporting Arguments –The research statement will be dissected through the more specific discussions of particular key points that make up the series of supporting arguments that the paper will provide the linchpin for the main point of the research statement, which is significant today now that many educators and academicians are in constant search for the perfect formula in teaching sex education, particularly in countries wherein there are no noticeable effect of sex education and that problems previously attributed to the lack of sex education is still prevalent despite the presence of sex education today. In Japan, these problems are very visible in statistics concerning teen age sex, teen age pregnancy and other sex-related social concern, this despite the fact that Japan is teaching sex education to school children as early as the third grade. First, teachers become failures in the effective use of the characterisitcs for good teachers in the inquiry method every time they provide direct and exact answers to sex-related inquiries by children because of the belief that this is what traditional morals dictate. Postman and Weingartner (1969), in the book ‘Teaching as a Subversive Activity’, noted that in the process of the utilizing the characterisitcs of the inquiry method effectively and using it to effectively teach and address student concerns, teachers should avoid providing direct answers, more so, avoid enforcing sex-related information in a what-you-ought-to-know format. The common pitfalls wherein teachers fall into is the yielding to the instinct of providing answers to questions in a as-a-matte-of-fact way, which is not incorrect but is also not the only way to teach sex education. Teachers should know that there is as much emotional and psychological aspects in the teaching and learning of sex education as there is the physical aspect of teaching sex education that students should be allowed the avenue to feel that individual feelings and the differences in personal life background also matter in the discussion and in the overall learning process involved in sex edu cation. But the problem is that there are many cases that this is not followed, and this is generally because of the fact that sex education in some areas in the US and predominantly in other traditional and religious countries are still taboo – classroom teachers and academicians continue to avoid the fact that the exposure of today’s children to more and more forms of mass media and popular media coming from different culture other than theirs are all factors in the increased development of a child’s inquiry towards sex and other topics that may pertain to physical intimacy, the sense of sexual pleasure and sex. Teachers should anticipate the fact that while the inquiry of the children about sex are most probably homogenous and focused on the same area, the teacher should still avoid providing exact, boxed in answers and instead allow students to ventilate their queries and throw questions at each other so that the sense of ‘taboo’ in the topic is diminished, allowing for the collapsing of the walls that it built inside the cognition of the child and allowing the entry of teacher-mediated ideas that do not stop, as sex education is a process of continuous learning. Secondly, some teachers misinterpret the idea that Postman and Weingartner proposed in their collaborative work about how teachers should use questioning and the use of divergent questions as a form of facilitating the influx of ideas between students by instead questioning the sense of right and wrong and personal morals of the students (which puts the morality wall up and closes the avenue for the entry of information and education) and by providing questions that divert the discussion / topic entirely to another different topic so that the teacher removes herself / himself from the position of being morally and ethically responsible for the sex education of the students, generally because of the acknowledgment of the teacher’s own incompetence in both the use of inquiry method as well as the absence of the mastery in the subject. What Postman and Weingartner had in mind when they explained this particular characteristic of the inquiry method is that the teacher should provide some questions himself/herself to students so that they can allow the students to explore more into the topic, thus allowing education and learning traffic to move consistently in and around the classroom and inside the minds of the students. Another proof to the high possibility of the presence of problems in teaching sex education with regards to the misuse and lack of adherence to the inquiry method is that sex education is usually in a uniform structure that hinders spontaneity and limits discussion in a specific area, resulting to some students suppressing questions or having questions which were left unanswered while the teachers themselves are not aware on how to facilitate the discussion once questions start pouring in and may seem to lead farther and farther from the original point of discussion. Again, it should be reiterated that since it is an experience which may carry different emotional and psychological baggage for every individual, teachers should not deliver lessons about sex like it is as simple as addition in a math class or the use of correct subject-verb agreement in an English writing and grammar class. The Family Education website’s article on teaching children sex education points out that adults who teach it cannot ‘plan when and where children choose to ask difficult questions’ about sex and as indicated in the inquiry method in teaching, teachers should allow the flow of questions and mediate through the discussion sufficiently. It does not end there, literally and figuratively, for teachers, since lessons, according to Postman and Weingartner should be allowed to develop on its own through the active participation of the student in the question-making and answer-searching. Family Education. com considers sex education, whether at home or in school, as ‘an ongoing conversation’ and that if the blanket of openness and support that the inquiry method allows to develop take form in the course of the learning of the child, then teachers should expect more questions and continue with the task required in setting and defining the answers to questions as dictated by the inquiry method.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Teaching and Learning in Clinical Practice
Teaching and Learning in Clinical Practice The purpose of this essay is to outline the episode of teaching and learning in clinical practice that I have been involved. It will describe the significance of under penning theory of teaching, It will demonstrate knowledge and understanding teaching and learning methods relate with learning outcomes/objectives, assessment, and evaluation and quality assurance. It will also going to looking at the reflection that has been required to the teaching session based on the evaluation. I am going to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This model is a recognized framework for my reflection. Gibbs (1988) consists of six stages to complete one cycle which is able to improve my teaching practice continuously and learning from the experience for better practice in the future. Learning is the act or process by which behavioural change, knowledge, skills and attitudes are acquired Boyd, et al. (1980) therefore learning is not just attending a class or reading books it is all about changing behaviours and attitudes, reflecting what has been taught by practicing. There are three sets of learning theory generally used in educational circles these are behaviourist, humanistic, and cognitive. For my teaching session I have used Cognitive approach because the cognitive method is student-centred. In other words, as an adult learner, the students find out for themselves in a self-directed way Pritchard, A. (2008). According to Knowles, M.S. (2005) and Quinn, F.M Hughes, S (2007) cognitive learning is a great method that provides the means of knowledge, and goes well beyond simple imitation of others. Conditioning can never explain what you are learning from reading our web-site. This learning illustrates the importance of cognitive learning Conner, M. L. (2005).. Cognitive learning defined as the gaining of knowledge and skill by mental or cognitive processes. The procedures we have for manipulating information in our heads Cognitive processes include creating mental representations of physical objects and events, and other forms of information processing Thorners.L (2009). In cognitive learning, the individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and remembering the information. Cognitive learning might seem to be passive learning, because there is no motor movement. However, the learner is quite active, in a cognitive way, in processing and r emembering newly incoming information. One of the most useful descriptive models available of the adult learning process provided by Kolb (1984) suggesting that there are four stages in learning which follow from each other: Concrete Experience is followed by Reflection on that experience on a personal basis. This may then be followed by the derivation of general rules describing the experience, or the application of known theories to it Abstract Conceptualisation, and thus to the construction of ways of modifying the next occurrence of the experience Active Experimentation, leading in turn to the next Concrete Experience. All this may happen in a flash, or over days, weeks or months, depending on the topic, and there may be wheels within wheels process at the same time Muijs.D And Reynolds.D (2006),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. According to Pritchard, A. (2008) the best way for a person to learn depends on the person, of course. It is well know that people have different leaning styles that work best for them. The best approach for a teacher to take is to address a variety of learning styles with their teaching plan. It is also helpful to encourage students to understand their preferred leaning style. Teachers should make students aware of the various learning styles and encourage them to consider their preferred style as they complete their studies. Wragg.E.C (2004) recommended that teachers should create an environment with lots of tools for developing an understanding of the topic. I have provided PowerPoint slide and image from the web so that the students can learn in both way from the slide and image. I have applied them by allowing the students to be active participants discussing on the topic, monitoring students progress and ask lots questions and answer. Teachers should provide use of visual and v erbal teaching methods as well as speak out loud student using technique. Student should think deeply and answer questions about the topic to further develop their understanding. Incorrect answer can be a good thing as it helps the student recognise that they need learn more to achieve purpose of the topic Conner, M. L. (2005). Cognitive learning strategies include case studies, research, discussions, self-assessment and presentations. As an adult learner, I used PowerPoint presentation with good font size and good background light as well as topic related image which can attracts the audience and grape their tension. The topic of the lesson I have prepared was based on the audience level and relevant for their future nursing career. According to NMC (2008) we have a duty to facilitate students of nursing, midwifery and specialist community public health nursing and others to develop their competence. I have a responsibility to teach based on current evidence, best practice and, where acceptable, validated research when it is available. According to Malcolm (2005) the Andragogical Model in adult learners has a self-concept of being responsible for their own decisions, for their own lives. Ones they arrived at that self-concept, they develop a deep psychological need to be seen by others and treated by other s as being capable of self-direction. This includes letting learners know how the topic is important to learn, showing learners how to direct themselves through information and relating the topic to their experiences. In addition, people will not learn until they are ready and motivated to learn. Often this requires helping them overcome inhibitions, behaviours, and beliefs about learning Conner, M. L. (2005). Lesson plan is one of the most important principles of good teaching so that the teacher can check that he/she keeping to time and actually what the content of her/his lesson is, as well as a framework for reflection and evaluation Pritchard, A. (2008) Thorners.L (2009) I have structured my lesson plan by asking myself about the title for the session, the type of expected learning, about teaching and learning methods, length of time available, location of teaching session, access computer, internet resources, etc. I also think about the audience the number of learners and their study level or stage in training, and how will I know if the students understand? This is by assessing student Informal and formal way, questioning techniques, feedback from learners Knowles, M.S. (2005), Muijs.D And Reynolds.D (2006) and Surgenor.P (2010) I have also set out the aim and objectives for my teaching session, that way the students know what to expect and also what they are expected to know by the end of the session. Surgenor.P (2010), Muijs.D And Reynolds.D (2006) explained that the goal of creating learning objectives is to provide a means of clarifying the purpose of teaching to ensure the lesson is successful and the objectives are achieved. Clearly identifying learning objectives improves the communication between the teacher and the learner. When the objectives of a teaching have been clearly identified and presented in an orderly progression, the desired learning outcomes will be attained. In this paragraph, I am going to reflect on the situation that taken place during my teaching session using Gibbs module which consist six stages. The cycle starts with a description of the situation, next is to analysis of the feelings, third is an evaluation of the experience, fourth stage is an analysis to make sense of the experience, fifth stage is a conclusion of what else could I have done and final stage is an action plan to prepare if the situation arose again NHS, (2006). Dunn.L, (2002) and Wragg.E.C (2004) gave some reasons why reflection is require in the reflective practice. They state that a reflect is to generate the practice knowledge, assist an ability to adapt new situations, develop self-esteem and satisfaction as well as to value, develop and professionalizing practice. However, Jasper M (2003) explain that reflection is about gaining self-confidence, identify when to improve, learning from own mistakes and behaviour, looking at other people perspectives, being se lf-aware and improving the future by learning the past. Description, I had a clinical teaching session PowerPoint presentation for my fellow students at London South Bank University in January 2011. It was a 20 minutes teaching session based on nursing related topic I left home early as I wanted to print my note. Unfortunately it was just a shame that I forgot my student card and couldnt print my work for this result I was panicking but I managed to teach using the PowerPoint slides. I thought the students will come up with lots questions which would challenge me. Feelings, I was feeling nervous just before I begin to talk and during the first five minutes, and then things get much easier. Before I started to teach, I introduced myself and approached the students to build a good connection with them as I do not want them to feel bored as well as I myself was blank due to anxiety. My first approached was to ask them how much they know about the topic. The students were interested in the topic and they were quite knowledge about the topic. In this situation, I showed up my emphatic listening. According to Wold (2004) the emphatic listening is about the motivation to understand the other person not just judging the persons fact. Then, I start going through slides in detail each point and I ensured if the students could hear me as I was quite quickly spoken and coughing during talk due to mouth dryness. In the meantime I used non-verbal communication skills with them including using my body gesturers and facial expression. Body gesturers and fa cial expressions are referred as a non-verbal communication Surgenor.P (2010) and Jasper M (2003). As a result, the students gave a good collaboration and enjoyed the session until finished. Evaluating, I was pleased to see that the students did not disappoint with the session. I feel I make the right decision to accompany and assess student if they could hear me in order to get my point. Furthermore, I could develop my confident to teach/communicate more effectively. Although Pollard.A, (2008), would describe it as a task-centre communication as one of the element caused the lack communication among teachers. My worry was that during my preparation it was not considered how I could handle my anxieties and nerves which affect my communication by talking quick or may not clear enough. In my analysis, generally the session went well because I used cognitive approach correctly and used appropriate teaching method. Point out that Pritchard, A. (2008) cognitive theory is a great theory to follow when teaching. I was suffering with mouth dryness and talked quickly, it seemed because I was nerves, otherwise enjoyed good teaching. During my presentation it might have helped to have a print out note of my presentation so that I dont get blank and also I might have helped if it was considered how I will handle my own anxieties and nerves for example to have a bottle of water would have help to hydrate me. Study suggested that to practice my talk and keep a note of timings and any helpful stage direction as well as considering how to react under pressure. Study also shows that it is common to speak more quickly when nervous and therefore, it is useful to think of ways of slowing down at the beginning of your talk NHS (2006), Pollard.A, (2008), Skinner.D (2010). The students were satisfied to learn new thing from the topic that has no previously done and learnt the important point of the session. I was satisfied with engaging students by asking questions and answering, student discussion and that they appeared to be knowledgeable. According to West, Clark and Jasper (2007) provide students with best opportunity for success during the assessment process it is essential to ensure they have a feasible workload for their stage of education that can enable them to learn as well as to work therefore I was giving them every opportunities to ask question and to discuses on the topic by assessing what they learnt and by asking questions which help students to build up their confidence. Conclusion, after analysed the situation, I could conclude that I was able to know how important a good practice is valuing student respect them and treat them as an individual to deliver a good teaching. I also gain knowledge the skills for effective communication with the student weather I am nerves or anxious, I could communicate effectively with student such as approach the student, asking questions, be an active listening, show my understanding and support the encourage for further reading. There wasnt a lot I could have done in this situation; I did ask students as much as I could and I was able to answer their question as well which makes me feel good. However, I could have challenged the students by kept a little bit more if I had print out my note. The Gibbs reflective method has helped me to learn from experience and has given me an insight on what I would do differently if the situation happened again. In the future I believe that I will be able to demonstrate and work closely with both service users to support them, by assessing their needs, reviewing risks, policies and procedures that apply to them. Action plan, for the future I will be able to give the best teaching practice because now I have gain more knowledge about how to prepare teaching session and how to teach. I am also aware that by assisting patients in many ways for example, help patients to contain uncomfortable feelings, by assessing what my symptoms are, I need to learn how to hide these symptoms and pretend to be more confident. For example, if my hands were shaking I wouldnt hold my notes in my hands. If my mouth does dry, then I would keep a bottle of water along. According to Pollard.A, (2008), often by finding ways of controlling the symptoms, you will find that you are no longer feeling quite so anxious. During this essay I learnt the role of teaching and learning theory and I have developed skills and professional knowledge to work effectively with others. Also this essay helped me to develop my knowledge in teaching and learning and understand how the laws and policies are set up to give a better quality practice for teaching so I will use this for my future teaching in practice. I also learnt about individual needs in teaching and the important of approach to teach with student that promotes diversity and valuing differences, Self-esteem and positive group identity, fulfilment of individual potential, and, the full participation of all groups in society.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Synthesis Of The Taming Of The Shrew English Literature Essay
Synthesis Of The Taming Of The Shrew English Literature Essay The Taming of the Shrew is one of the most renowned plays written by William Shakespeare. The writer raises a number of important themes in the course of the play, which he uncovers and depicts in details, in their full complexity. In such a way, the writer attempted to mirror the real life and to show the audience that human relations are extremely complex and often people cannot always decide what can happen to them in their life. In this regard, the theme of love is particularly noteworthy because The Taming of the Shrew shows the great strength, the power of love over human beings. As the matter of fact, William Shakespeare proves that people cannot resist to love and to prove this point he develops the severe struggle between the love and strength of human mind in the hidden love struggle between Kate and Petruchio in his The Taming of the Shrew. In such a way, William Shakespeare attempts to show that, even though people can resist loving, they still cannot win the struggle aga inst love because strong feelings, such as love, always win and overwhelm people. From the beginning of the play, it seems to be obvious that the main character will never give in and she is determined to avoid loving and marrying: I ll not budge an inch. Taming of the Shrew Quote (Induction, Scene I) Nevertheless, such a position of the main character is challenged by the love of other characters, including Petruchio, who cannot resist his strong feelings and he cannot help from loving Kate. His passion grows stronger in the course of the play and he is ready to do anything to reach his goal and to gain the positive response from his beloved. On the other hand, William Shakespeare shows that Petruchio has to pass a long way to reach his love and to win the heart and soul of his beloved. Nevertheless, in his love to Kate, Petruchio is ready to sacrifice his own life for the sake of his beloved: Theres small choice in rotten apples. The Taming of the Shrew Quote Act i. Scene 1. In fact, he has no choice but go until the end to win the positive response from Kate, whom he adores. At the same time, this way is the way of struggle, where: Nothing comes amiss; so money comes withal. The Taming of the Shrew Quote Act i. Scene 2. In such a way, The Taming of the Shrew is the play, where love is closely intertwined with the struggle. To put it more precisely, the love is the struggle itself. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that William Shakespeare depicts both the internal struggle within the main characters who love and who cannot help from loving and the external struggle between the main characters, whose feelings change from indifference and even hatred to love and admiration. At the same time, while depicting this love struggle, William Shakespeare is quite ironic: Tush! tush! fear boys with bugs. The Taming of the Shrew Quote Act i. Scene 2. In such a way, the writer shows that there are trifles which may wreak havoc in the main characters and they can make them feel fear and panic. However, their love defeats any manifestation of fear, any obstacle that arises on the way of the main characters to their love and personal happiness. At the same time, William Shakespeare shows that the way to love and to win in the struggle for love is long and difficult: Who wooed in haste, and means to wed at leisure. The Taming of the Shrew Quote Act iii. Scene 2. Thus, the writer shows that the main character should not be in a hurry to win their love. In stark contrast, they should have patience to wait and keep on struggling until they win their love. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the struggle of the main characters lasts practically till the end of the play: And thereby hangs a tale. The Taming of the Shrew Quote Act iv. Scene 1. Even at the end of the story, the author attempts to hint that the main characters may have troubles in their love. Therefore, William Shakespeare apparently attempts to convey the idea that love is the permanent struggle that never ends. Even when the main characters win their love, they still have to carry on their struggle: Thus the whirligig of time brings in his revenges. (Act V, Scene I). In such a way, The Taming of the Shrew reveals the full extent to which love is closely intertwined with the struggle. On the other hand, it is quite natural that William Shakespeare depicts love as a sort of turbulent struggle between the main characters as well as the internal struggle within the main characters. William Shakespeare is, to a significant extent, admired with this struggle and makes love the main stimulus that makes people change their life and carry on their struggle in spite of all the obstacles they encounter in the course of the play. In fact, the love and struggle are inseparable and they are as natural as rain: For the rain it raineth every day. (Act V, Scene I). Hence, William Shakespeare proves that his main characters do love each other but they had to pass a long way to understand that they did love each other and nothing can stop them in their strong feeling. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare is a remarkable play that reveals the controversy and strength of the love. What is meant here is the fact that William Shakespeare shows the great power of love over people but the main characters of the play have to struggle over and over again to win the love and to win the heart of their beloved. At the same time, their struggle makes them closer to each other and increases the value and significance of their love. Eventually, they understand what love actually is and that they cannot live without loving each other.
Monday, August 19, 2019
My Philosophy on Education - Hopes, Goals, and Dreams Essay examples --
My Philosophy on Education - Hopes, Goals, and Dreams When I was sixteen I started working with children from low socioeconomic backgrounds at a Family Resource Center. Everyday I saw how many of the children got overlooked at home and at school. This experience was critical in my decision to become a teacher because I know that I will always go the extra mile with each and every child. All children have lots of potential and need to be able to express it in some form whether it is with creative writing, making maps or building a model. All children deserve to be given the adequate time and attention they need to grow, learn, and achieve. Children should feel comfortable developing hopes, dreams, and goals and realize that they have the opportunity to achieve them. The pace and level of knowledge that a child learns is relative because every child learns differently. I think that children learn in many different forms including through the use of visual aids, verbal communication and written format. I think that most material should be broken down so it will be easier for the child to grasp. I agree with the theory of Socrates in that students should be questioned and questioned again so that they can rethink what they believe in. I think the purpose and importance of education is to develop children’s thinking capabilities, creativity, social skills and interactions to there fullest. Education is the key that will allo...
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Genetic Diversity In Agriculture :: essays research papers
     Genetic variation is the raw material for the plant breeder, who must often select from primitive and wild plants, including wild species, in search of new genes. The appearance of new diseases, new pests, or new virulent forms of disease causing organisms makes it imperative that the plant be preserved, because it offers a potential for the presence of disease resistant genes not present in cultivated varieties. Also, there are demands for new characters-- for example, high protein, improved nutritional factors, and fertility restoration. As a result, plant breeders require a large and diverse gene pool to meet ever changing needs.      A gene bank is a popular term that is used to describe repositories for genes of living organisms. It is commonly used in the context of plant breeding as I described above, but it also applies to the freezing and the storage of animal sperm and embryos for use in animal husbandry or artificial insemination.      An understanding of crop origins and variations is necessary in assembling genetic diversity in plant crops. In certain geographical areas there has existed a rich source of variability in crop plants but the encroachment of civilization has reduced the natural variability inherent in primitive plant forms and related species of crop plants. Agricultural process, as a result of new breeding programs, has reduced rather than increased crop variability as improved cultivars, or varieties, are planted in wider and wider areas and old cultivars, which may contain valuable genes, are lost. Crop failures, which result in a smaller gene pool, have led to an increased awareness of the need to preserve genetic diversity in plants. Efforts are under way to increase collections of plant materials in various forms. Usually these are preserved as seeds, but living plants, pollen, and cell cultures are also used. In most gene banks, seeds are usually preserved under conditions of low temperature and humidity. These collections must be periodically renewed by growing the plants and producing new seeds. Increasing emphasis is also being placed on preserving living collections of asexually propagated crops such as species of fruits and nuts.      In the united states, germ plasm banks are handled in a state-federal cooperative program. Internationally, a consortium of international, government, and private organizations called the consultative group in in International Agricultural research, (established in 1974), the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) to promote the activities of international plant research centers that collect and preserve plant germ plasm.      Crop improvement is continuous. Professional plant breeders are constantly working, through genetics, on the improvement of plants to meet changing needs and standards. For example, with the introduction of mechanical
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Plc Programmable Logic Controller
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM USING PLC * Company Products & Services * Abstract * Hydraulic System * Bow Compression Machine * Circuit Diagram * Description * Chiller Unit * Solenoid valve * Introduction To PLC * Software * Advantages Of PLC * Introduction To PLC * Existing System * Proposed System * Ladder Logic Diagram * Ladder Logic Description * Energy Saving Calculation * For Existing Method * For Proposed Method * Advantages & Applications * Conclusion * References ABSTRACT :One of the challenging factor in factories, for the proper functioning of the machine for the long duration with efficiency is to keep certain parameters within a specific range. Thus, in this paper, we have designed a ladder diagram for running PLC with the objective to automatically control the hydraulic system. Our main requirement is to design a PLC which can be connected to hydraulic system to implement the parameters and operations like Temperature detection, Pressure detection, Lubrication, Automatic machine operation and Oil level detection.The mentioned parameters and operations can be sensed and operated through PLC without any manual checking and operation. This saves more power to industries by reducing the power consumption. INTRODUCTION In the last decades, the machines used in the industries were operated manually. So keeping its certain important parameters in a specific range was difficult. Also they can not be checked out frequently. This results in improper functioning of the machine. Also, the machines cannot work efficiently for a long time.For example, if the temperature of the oil goes beyond the desired value it will affect the machine function. Hence the machine accessories cannot withstand this high temperature. This leads to the damage in machine and the durability of the machine also gets reduced. Thus, the working machine requires frequent checking of certain parameters to maintain the value within the specified range for proper operation. The var ious parameters to be checked frequently are: 1. Temperature detection 2. Lubrication 3. Automatic machine operation 4. Oil level detection . Pressure Thus we are using a PLC to control all these parameters. We are designing a ladder diagram to control all the parameters automatically. In this paper, we are describing about the hydraulic drive system in which PLC is used to control its working. An introduction of PLC is provided and also the ladder diagram overview. We will be discussing about the advantages of PLC and also the power saving estimation in the industries by using PLC. The machine which we have taken under consideration for implementation is BOW CORRECTION MACHINE.Also, the chiller unit is described as it plays a major role for the power saving purpose. HYDRAULIC DRIVE SYSTEM : A hydraulic drive system is a drive or transmission system that uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to drive hydraulic machinery. The term hydrostatic refers to the transfer of energy from flow and pressure, not from the kinetic energy of the flow. Principle of a hydraulic drive Pascal's law is the basis of hydraulic drive systems. As the pressure in the system is the same, the force that the fluid gives to the surroundings is therefore equal to pressure ? rea. In such a way, a small piston feels a small force and a large piston feels a large force. For an understanding of how a hydraulic system works, we must know the basic principles, or laws, of hydraulics, that is, of confined liquids under pressure. This will be made easier, however, if we first examine the somewhat simpler laws governing the behavior of liquids when unconfined, that is, in open containers. 1. Liquids in open containers. a. Density and specific gravity. The first characteristic of an unconfined liquid which interests us is its density.The density of a fluid is the weight of a unit volume of it. The unit of volume normally used in this text is the cubic foot; the unit o f weight normally used is the pound. The standard of density, to which the densities of all other liquids are referred, is that of pure water at zero degrees centigrade (32 degrees Fahrenheit), and at sea-level atmospheric pressure. b. Force and pressure. A liquid has no shape of its own. It acquires the shape of its container up to the level to which it fills the container. However, we know that liquids have weight.This weight exerts a force upon all sides of the container, and this force can be measured. Therefore, for unconfined liquids, that is, liquids in open containers, the pressure in pounds per square inch exerted by the liquid on the bottom of the container is equal to the weight of the liquid on each square inch of the bottom of the container. It must be emphasized that the weight of the liquid is here thought of as a forceexerted on the bottom of the container. Expressed as a formula, we have: Pressure = Force per unit areaIt is understood that the word pressure , when not otherwise qualified, means pressure in pounds per square inch. This is called the total force and is obtained by the formula: Total Force = Pressure X Area The pressure exerted by a liquid on the bottom of a container is independent of the shape of the container, and depends only on the height and density of the liquid. 2. Liquids in enclosed systems. a. Liquids are practically incompressible. The following two basic principles will help to explain the behavior of liquids when enclosed: a) Liquids are practically incompressible. ) The applied pressure is transmitted equally in all directions at once. b. Increase of force with area. The ratio between the force applied to the smaller piston and the force applied to the larger piston is the same as the ratio between the area of the smaller pistonand the area of the larger piston. Expressed as a proportion, then, we have: Force on larger piston/Force on smaller piston = Area of larger piston/Area of small er piston This means that the mechanical advantage obtainable by such an arrangement is equal to the ratio between the areas of the two pistons.Since the area of the larger cylinder is 10 times as great as that of the smaller cylinder, pushing the smaller piston downward a distance of 1 inch will move the larger piston upward only 1/10 of an inch. The ratio between the displacement of liquid in the smaller cylinder and the displacement of liquid in the larger cylinder is once again equal to the ratio between their areas. so that the amount of work (force X distance) done by the larger piston is exactly the same as the amount done by the smaller piston. c. Multiple units.It is not necessary to confine our system to a single line from the source of hydraulic power. Hydraulic power may be transmitted in many directions to do multiple jobs. PUMP – In practice we usually need some device which will deliver, over a period of time, a definite volume of fluid at the required pressure , and which will continue to deliver it as long as we desire it to do so. Such a device is called a pump. Basic principles of pumps. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical device which forcibly moves, or displaces, fluids.Various pumping principles are employed in the different types of hydraulic pumps, but one fundamental principle applies to all: a volume of fluid entering the intake opening, or port, is moved by mechanical action and forced out the discharge port. Hydraulic fluids. Almost any free-flowing liquid is suitable as a hydraulic fluid, as long as it will not chemically injure the hydraulic equipment. For example, an acid, although free-flowing, would obviously be unsuitable because it would corrode the metallic parts of the system. a. Basic units of a hydraulic system. 1.A reservoir, or supply tank, containing oil which is supplied to the system as needed and into which the oil from the return line flows. 2. A pump, which supplies the necessary working pressure. 3. A hydra ulic cylinder, or actuating cylinder, which uses the hydraulic energy developed in the pump to move the door. 4. A cut-out valve, by means of which the pressure in the actuating cylinder may be maintained or released as desired. 5. A check valve, placed in the return line to permit fluid to move in only one direction. 6. â€Å"Hydraulic lines,†such as piping or hose, to connect the units to each other.The supply tank must have a capacity large enough to keep the entire system filled with oil and furnish additional oil to make good the inevitable losses from leakage. The tank is vented to the atmosphere; thus atmospheric pressure (14. 7 pounds per square inch) forces the oil into the inlet, or suction, side of the pump. The tank is generally placed at a higher level than the other units in the system, so that gravity assists in feeding oil into other units. The pump is the hand-operated, reciprocating piston type. SOLENOID VALVE : A solenoid valve is an electromechan ically operated valve.The valve is controlled by an electric current through asolenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valve can have many ports and fluid paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is closed, then the two ports are connected and fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is open, then ports are isolated. If the valve is open when the solenoid is n ot energized, then the valve is termed normally open (N. O. ). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termednormally closed. [1] There are also 3-way and more complicated designs.A 3-way valve has 3 ports; it connects one port to either of the two other ports (typically a supply port and an exhaust port). Solenoid valve are also characterized by how they operate. A small solenoid can generate a limited force. If that force is sufficient to open and close the valve, then a direct acting solenoid valve is possible. An approximate relationship between the required solenoid force Fs, the fluid pressure P, and the orifice areaA for a direct acting solenoid value is: Where d is the orifice diameter. A typical solenoid force might be 15 N (3.  lbf). An application might be a low pressure (e. g. , 10 pounds per square inch (69 kPa)) gas with a small orifice diameter (e. g. , 3? 8 in (9. 5 mm) fo r an orifice area of 0. 11 sq in (7. 1? 10? 5 m2) and approximate force of 1. 1 lbf (4. 9 N)). When high pressures and large orifices are encountered, then high forces are required. To generate those forces, an internally piloted solenoid valve design may be possible. [1] In such a design, the line pressure is used to generate the high valve forces; a small solenoid controls how the line pressure is used.Internally piloted valves are used in dishwashers and irrigation systems where the fluid is water, the pressure might be 80 pounds per square inch (550 kPa) and the orifice diameter might be 3? 4 in (19 mm). In some solenoid valves the solenoid acts directly on the main valve. Others use a small, complete solenoid valve, known as a pilot, to actuate a larger valve. While the second type is actually a solenoid valve combined with a pneumatically actuated valve, they are sold and packaged as a single unit referred to as a solenoid valve.Piloted valv es require much less power to control, but they are noticeably slower. Piloted solenoids usually need full power at all times to open and stay open, where a direct acting solenoid may only need full power for a short period of time to open it, and only low power to hold it. A direct acting solenoid valve typically operates in 5 to 10 milliseconds. The operation time of a piloted valve depends on its size; typical values are 15 to 150 milliseconds. Solenoid valves are used in fluid power pneumatic and hydraulic systems, to control cylinders, fluid power motors or larger industrial valves.Automaticirrigation sprinkler systems also use solenoid valves with an automatic controller. Domestic washing machines and dishwashers use solenoid valves to control water entry into the machine. Solenoid valves are used in dentist chairs to control air and water flow. In the paintball industry, solenoid valves are usually referred to simply as â€Å"solenoids. â € They are commonly used to control a larger valve used to control the propellant (usually compressed air or CO2). In addition to this, these valves are now been used in household water purifiers (RO systems).Besides controlling the flow of air and fluids, solenoids are used in pharmacology experiments, especially for patch-clamp, which can control the application of agonist or antagonist. Many variations are possible on the basic, one-way, one-solenoid valve described above: * one- or two-solenoid valves; * direct current or alternating current powered; * different number of ways and positions; INTRODUCTION TO PLC : A Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, is more or less a small computer with a built-in operating system (OS). This OS is highly specialized to handle incoming events in real time, i. . at the time of their occurrence. The PLC has input lines where sensors are connected to notify upon events (e. g. temperature above/below a certain level, liquid level reached, etc. ), and output lines to signal any reaction to the incoming events (e. g. start an engine, open/close a valve, etc. ). The system is user programmable. It uses a language called â€Å"Relay Ladder†or RLL (Relay Ladder Logic). The name of this language implies that the control logic of the earlier days, which was built from relays, is being simulated.The PLC is primarily used to control machinery. A program is written for the PLC which turns on and off outputs based on input conditions and the internal program. In this aspect, a PLC is similar to a computer. However, a PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly as needed. In fact, a crafty programmer could use a PLC to control not only simple devices such as a garage door opener, but their whole house, including switching lights on and off at certain times, monitoring a custom built security system, etc.Most commonly, a PLC is found inside of a machine in an industrial environment. A PLC can run an automatic machine for years with little human intervention. They are designed to withstand most harsh environments. When the first electronic machine controls were designed, they used relays to control the machine logic (i. e. press â€Å"Start†to start the machine and press â€Å"Stop†to stop the machine). A basic machine might need a wall covered in relays to control all of its functions. There are a few limitations to this type of control. * Relays fail. * The delay when the relay turns on/off. There is an entire wall of relays to design/wire/troubleshoot. A PLC overcomes these limitations, it is a machine controlled operation. PLCs are becoming more and more intelligent. In recent years PLCs have been integrated into electrical communications networks – i. e. , all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged into a network which is usually hierarchically organized. The PLCs are then supervised by a control center. There exist many propri etary types of networks. One type which is widely known is SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition).The PLC is a purpose-built machine control computer designed to read digital and analog inputs from various sensors, execute a user defined logic program, and write the resulting digital and analog output values to various output elements like hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, indication lamps, solenoid coils, etc. Scan cycle Exact details vary between manufacturers, but most PLCs follow a ‘scan-cycle' format. Overhead Overhead includes testing I/O module integrity, verifying the user program logic hasn't changed, that the computer itself hasn't locked up (via a watchdog timer), and any necessary communications.Communications may include traffic over the PLC programmer port, remote I/O racks, and other external devices such as HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). Input scan A ‘snapshot' of the digital and analog values present at the input cards is saved to an i nput memory table. Logic execution The user program is scanned element by element, then rung by rung until the end of the program, and resulting values written to an output memory table. Output scan Values from the resulting output memory table are written to the output modules. Once the output scan is complete the process repeats itself until the PLC is powered down.The time it takes to complete a scan cycle is, appropriately enough, the â€Å"scan cycle time†, and ranges from hundreds of milliseconds (on older PLCs, and/or PLCs with very complex programs) to only a few milliseconds on newer PLCs, and/or PLCs executing short, simple code. ADVANTAGES OF PLC: * PLC’s have flexibility (i. e. ) it is possible to use just one model of PLC to run any one of the 15 machines. * In a PLC program circuit the PLC program can be used from any keyboard sequence in a matter of minute and rewriting is required. PLC has a large number of contacts for each coil in its programming. * I ncreased technology makes it possible to compact move functions into smaller and less expensive packages. * A PLC programmed circuit can be pre-un ad evaluated in the officer or lab. The program can be typed in tested observed and modified if needed. * PLC circuit operation can be seen during operation directly on a CRT screen. * The operation speed for the PLC program is very fast. * PLC is more reliable. * A PLC programmer who works in digital or Boolean control system can easily perform PLC programming. PLC’s program can’t be made unless the PLC properly unlocked and programmed. LADDER LOGIC DIAGRAM : What is a Ladder Diagram? A Ladder Diagram is one of the simplest methods used to program a PLC. It is a graphical programming language evolved from electrical relay circuits. Each program statement is represented with a line, called the rung, that has all relevant inputs to the left and the output to the right. The output device of a rung is energized if electric powe r can conceptually flow from the left side of the rung to the right side.Input devices are assumed to block the flow of power if they are not activated. During the execution of a ladder diagram, the PLC reads the states of all inputs, then determines the states of all outputs starting from the rung at the top side, going down to the last rung, and finally updates the state of the output devices. * Naming Convention During the development of a PLC program, we must use specific names to identify the inputs, outputs, memory flags, timers and counters. PLC manufactures use a variety of approaches in naming the inputs, outputs and other resources.A typical naming convention is to identify inputs with the letter â€Å"I†and outputs with the letter â€Å"O†, followed be a 1-digit number that identifies the slot number and a 2-digit number that identifies the position of the input or output in the slot. For example: I1:00 refers to the first input of slot 1 O2:00 refers to th e first output of slot 2. Some manufactures number the inputs or outputs starting from 00, while others use the number 01 to identify the first input or output. It is also common to use numbers like 400 e. t. c. The state of an output can be also used as an input in a ladder diagram.In such a case the PLC uses the state of the specific output device that is stored in the output image memory. * Relay Logic Instructions (XIC and XIO) Examine if Closed (XIC) â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ[ ]â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Use the XIC instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is On. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as false. Examine if Open (XIO) â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-[/]â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Use the XIO instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is Off.When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), the n the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as false * Relay Logic Instructions: Input Transition Sensing Positive Transition Sense (PTS) The condition of the right link is ON for one ladder rung evaluation when a change from OFF to ON at the specified input is sensed. Negative Transition Sense (NTS) The condition of the right link is ON for one ladder rung evaluation when a change from ON to OFF at the specified input is sensed. * Output Instructions Output Energize (OTE) â€â€-( )â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ If the condition of the left link of the OTE is ON then the corresponding bit in the output data memory is set. The device wired to this output is also energized. Negative Output Energize (NOE) â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€(/)â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ If the condition of the left link of the OTE is OFF then the corresponding bit in the output data memory is set. The device wired output is also energized. Output L atch/Set (OTL) and Output Unlatch/Reset (OTU) If the condition of the left link of the OTL is momentary ON then the corresponding bit in the output data memory is set, and remains set even if the condition switches to the OFF state.The output will remain set until the condition of the left link of the OTU is momentary ON * Basic Logic Functions (OR, AND) Two Input OR Function The output is ON only if the two inputs are OFF. Two Input AND Function The output is ON if both of the two inputs are ON. * Basic Logic Functions (NAND,NOR) Two Input NAND Function The output is ON if any of the two inputs is OFF. Two Input NOR Function The output is ON if both of the two inputs are OFF. * Basic Logic Functions (EXOR, EXNOR) Two Input EXOR Function The output is ON if any of the two inputs is ON, but not both. Two Input EXNOR FunctionThe output is ON if both of the two inputs are either OFF or ON. * Set/Reset Latch Set/Reset Latch using a Hold-in contact Set/Reset Latch using Latch/Unlatch out puts Notes: O1:00’ means that the output is unchanged If both inputs are ON then normally the output is OFF, since the Unlatch rung appears last in the ladder diagram. * Timer Instructions Timer Instructions are output instructions used to time intervals for which their rung conditions are true (TON), or false (TOF). These are software timers. Their resolution and accuracy depends on a tick timer maintained by the microprocessor.Each timer instruction has two values (integers) associated with it: Accumulated Value (ACC): This is the current number of ticks (time-base intervals) that have been counted from the moment that the timer has been energized. Preset Value (PR): This is a predetermined value set by the programmer. When the accumulated value is equal to, or greater than the preset value, a status bit is set. This bit can be used to control an output device. Each timer is associated with two status bits: Timer Enable Bit (EN): This bit is set when the rung condition to t he left of the timer instruction are true.When this bit is set, the accumulated value is incremented on each time-base interval, until it reaches the preset value. Done Bit (DN): This bit is set when the accumulated value is equal to the preset value. It is reset when the rung condition becomes false. * Timer On-Delay (TON) Instruction The TON instruction begins count when its input rung conditions are true. The accumulated value is reset when the input rung conditions become false. Timer ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 07). * Timer Off-Delay (TOF) InstructionThe TOF instruction begins count when its input rung makes a true-to-false transition, and continues counting for as long as the input rung remains false. The accumulated value is reset when the input rung conditions become false. Timer ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 07). * Retentive Timer (RTO) Instruction The RTO instruction begins count when its input rung conditions are true. The accumulated value is retained when the input rung conditions become false, and continues counting after the input rung conditions become true. * Counter InstructionsCounter Instructions are output instructions used to count false-to-true rung transitions. These transitions are usually caused by events occurring at an input. These counters can be UP (incrementing) or DOWN (decrementing). Each counter instruction has two values (integers) associated with it: Accumulated Value (ACC): This is the current number of the counter. The initial value is zero. Preset Value (PR): This is a predetermined value set by the programmer. When the accumulated value is equal to, or greater than the preset value, a status bit is set. This bit can be used to control an output device.Each counter is associated with two status bits: Counter Enable Bit (EN): This bit is set when a false-to-true rung condition to the left of the counter instruction is detected. Done Bit (DN): T his bit is set when the accumulated value is equal to the preset value. It is reset when the rung condition becomes false. The maximum count value is 9999*. After a maximum count is reached, the counters reset and start counting from zero. * Count-up (CTU) Instruction The CTU instruction increments its accumulated value on each false-to-true transition at its input, starting from 0. Counter ladder diagram example.Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 10). * Count-down (CTD) Instruction The CTD instruction decrements its accumulated value on each false-to-true transition at its input, starting from 0. Counter ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = -10). * The Reset (RES) Instruction The RES instruction resets timing and counting instructions. When the RES instruction is enabled it resets the following. Counters:Accumulated value, Counter Done Bit , Counter Enabled Bit. Timers: Accumulated value, Timer Done Bit, Timer Timing Bit, Timer Enable Bit.R eset ladder diagram example. ADVANTAGES ; APPLICATION: * Automatic control of machine. * Free from manual operation and frequent checking. * Machine fault is reduced. * Energy consumption is reduced. * This method can save more power. * Industrial application mainly used for boiler production. * Drilling and boring applications. * This applications can be implemented for all machines in BHEL. BOW CORRECTION MACHINE : These are the specifications of the bow correction machine currently in use. MACHINE| BOW CORRECTION MACHINE| CAPACITY| 600 TONS| CYLINDER BORE| 550 MM| RAM DIAMETER| 520 MM|DAYLIGHT| 3000 MM| THROAT| 1700 MM| STROKE| 500 MM| CONNECTED LOAD| 60+1+5 HP| TOTAL WEIGHT| 80 TONS| BOLSTER SIZE| 1500*2000*200 MM| SPEEDS OF OPERATION| 15mm/sec – APPROACH6mm/sec – PRESSING60mm/sec – RETURN | PURPOSE. In the pipes used in boilers, small pipes are attached using welding. This welding makes the pipe to bent. Thus its surface becomes uneven and makes it imperfec t to be used in boilers. In this case this machine is used. Using this machine the bents and bows can be straightened and makes the pipes perfect to be used in the boilers. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : OPERATION.The hydraulic circuit is designed to achieve fast approach speed, slow pressing speed and fast return speeds by use of a single pump. The fast approach speed is achieved by ensuring that the cylinder ram moves down through its self weight or what is termed as gravity fall. To achieve gravity fall of the cylinder of the cylinder it is important to ensure that at all times the pressure in return line is minimum 5 kg/ cm2. On starting the motor the pump delivery is directed to the tank through unloading type relief valve no. 4. The same flow is directed to the Z1 lines of catridge valves 5 ; 7, which ensures that the valves are closed.On operation of solenoid S1 of main relief valve the pump flow is directed to the catridge valves, however due to differential areas the catridges are still closed and pump reaches system pressure and unloads to tank through relief valve 4. On operation of solenoid S2( valve 6) along with S1, Port A of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to tank Y1 which facilitates opening of catridge valve 5 and hence the oil flows into the forward line of the cylinder resulting in downward movement. At the same time the oil in the return line of the cylinder is connected to tank at the set pressure through valve no. 11.Hence the cylinder moves down with slow pressing speed. On operation of solenoid S4 ( valve 8) along with S1 ; S2 the X port of catridge valve 10 is connected to tank through valve 8, 6 and port Y1 that ensures the opening of the catridge valve 10. Opening of the catridge valve ensures that the return line is connected directly to tank and hence the cylinder oves down with its self weight and fast approach speed is achieved. At the same time prefill valve 14 opens to fill the cylinder forward area with oil. To set the maximum fast appro ach speed valve 10 is provided with a stroke adjustment setting.On operation of solenoid S3(valve 6) along with S1, port B of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to tank Y1 which facilitates opening of catridge valve 7 and hence oil flows into the return line of the cylinder. At the same time since A port of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to pump port X4 is also connected to pump, ensures the opening of prefill valve no 14 and that the forward line of the cylinder is connected back to tank. This results in reverse movement of the cylinder. Pressure relief valve 9 is provided to ensure smooth deceleration of the cylinder from fast approach to pressing.The valve ensures that the pressure in X port of the cartridge valve does not exceed set pressure therby ensuring that the valve closes slowly reducing jerks. The hot oil from the machine is then sent to the chiller unit to reduce its temperature. CHILLER UNIT: In the chiller unit, the refrigerant is used to cool down the hot oil from the machine. REFRIGERATION: A liquid whose Saturation temperature at normal atmospheric pressure is below the temperature that is to be produced by refrigeration is chosen as the working liquid in the refrigerant.Such a liquid will evaporate at lower temperatures and will absorb hear as it does so. This heat is extracted from the surroundings. The vapour formed in this way is compressed in a compressor. After compression the refrigerant may be in the vapour state or, in the liquid state if its temperature after compression is not greater than the saturation temperature at that increase pressure. The low temperature vapour is condensed in a condenser, in doing so it lowers its temperature below the surroundings . Now the condensed liquid is expanded to a lower pressure and the cycle of refrigeration is repeated.REFRIGERATION CYCLE: * Compressors are used in vapour compression cycles. It is the heart of the system and it sucks low-pressure refrigerant vapour from the evaporator and co mpresses it to a pressure corresponding to the saturation temperature that will be higher than continuously re-circulate the refrigerant through the system. * Air-cooled condensers are heat exchangers,which reject heat from the condensing refrigerant to the atmosphere. * The function of condenser in a refrigerated system is to de-superheat and condense the compressed discharge refrigerant vapour.High-speed fans are mostly used to speed up the process. * At the exit of the condenser the refrigerant loses temperature but still is in high-pressure state. The temperature falls down a little high to the ambient. * Dryers are mainly used to capture the moisture content if any mixed with the refrigerant. When the refrigerant passes through its thin filter mesh the moisture gets trapped on the silica gel and clean refrigerant flows through. * Throttle valve(also called as Expansion valve)is also a very important component of the vapour compression refrigeration system.The function of an exp ansion device is to expand the liquid refrigerant from the condensing pressure to the evaporating pressure. Also it throttles the required flow into the evaporator depending on the load conditions. Commonly used expansion devices are capillary tubes, thermostatic expansion valves and constant pressure expansion valves. * Any liquid when evaporate creates a cooling effect. Same applies here, when the refrigerant exists expansion valve it is partly in vapour state at low temperature and pressure. It flows through the evaporator and exchanges heat with the surroundings. After existing the evaporator it has gained heat from the surrounding media, thus lowering the temperature in the freezing compartment. This superhead vapour passes further and is drawn by the compressor, which compresses it,and delivers to condenser, thus, completing the refrigeration cycle. The ladder diagram used in this machine is : CNT_ON CNT_OFF MEM_1 MEM_1 MEM_1 MOT_ON MOT_ON MOT_OFF VAL4_ONVAL4_ON VAL4_ON MEM _2 MEM_2 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 FAST_APP FAST_APP S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 PRESS_ON TIMER T1 PRESET 15 ACC 0 PRESS_ON S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 HOLD_ON HOLD_ON HOLD_MEM HOLD_MEM S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 RET_ONRET_ON VAL4_ON COMPARE TEMP_ON;45 TEMP_ON MEM_4 MEM_4 CHILLER_ON TEMP_ON CHILLER_OFF COMPARE TEMP_ON;45 LOW_SEN ALARM_ON V_LOW_SEN TANK_ONPRES_ON VAL14_ON EXISTING SYSTEM : * There is no temperature detection system. Hence, the chiller unit has to function continuously irrespective of hydraulic oil’s temperature. * Possibilities of machine can run due to friction since there is no Indication of oil in tank. * The chiller unit is running continuously hence there is a possibilities of lot of Energy consumption losses. * There is no automatic control for the whole machine. * There is no automatic function for declamping and lubrication. There is no oil level sensor in the hydraulic tank to sense the oil level in the tank. * Relays are used which is not automatic and inefficient. HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE HY DRAULIC TANK CHILLER UNIT PUMP SOLENOID VALVE PROPOSED SYSTEM: * In this method there is a temperature sensor which is used to sense the temperature of the oil in the hydraulic tank. * The chiller unit will be turned on only when the oil temperature gets increased with the specified value of oil temperature * Friction of the machine can be reduced by implementing the lubrication function. Oil level in the hydraulic tank can be detected by using an oil level sensor . * Two types of oil level sensor is used. I. Low level sensor II. Very low level sensor So that we can avoid the machine running in dangerous condition. * All the operation in one axis (x or y or z) can be operated by a single push button switch. * Declamping and lubrication function takes place automatically. ENERGY SAVING CALCULATION: * WITH CHILLER UNIT WORKING CONTINUOUSLY: For continuous running of chiller unit the motor consumes 18KW. Per day: morning -4hrs night -8hrs so chiller unit runs totally 12hrs a day. 8KW*1 2hrs=216 KWhr The chiller unit consumes 216KWhr per day. For electricity: 1unit= Rs. 5 Therefore 216*5= 1080 So for 216 unit it costs Rs. 1080 per day. 1080*30=Rs. 32,400 For 1month it costs Rs. 32,400 32400*303= Rs. 98,17,200 For 1year it costs Rs. 98,17,200. * WITH PLC: For automatic on/off of chiller unit the motor consumes 10KW. Per day: morning -4hrs night -8hrs so chiller unit runs totally 12hrs a day. 10KW*12hrs=120KWhr The chiller unit consumes 120KWhr per day. For electricity: 1unit= Rs. 5 Therefore 120*5= 600 So for 120unit it costs Rs. 600 per day. 600*30=Rs. 8,000 For 1month it costs Rs. 18,000 18000*303= Rs. 54,54,000 For 1year it costs Rs. 54,54,000. CONCLUSION : This project mainly focuses the oil temperature and oil level detection and also the automatic control of machine. Implementation of this project is simple and very economical. This applications can be implemented for all machines in BHEL. All the functions can be achieved through a single PLC program. The adv antage of our project is used to eliminate manual checking and operation. The above mentioned parameters and operation can be sensed and operated through PLC.This project saves more power to industries by reducing the power consumption. REFERENCES : 1. â€Å"Allen bradely Instruction Set user manual†by Rockwell Automation. 2. Programmable Logic Controllers: Programming Methods and Applications by John R. Hackworth and Frederick D. Hackworth, Jr 3. â€Å"Ladder logic fundamentals†industrial control system fall 2006. 4. DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK â€Å"INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL Volume 2 of 2†- U. S. Department of Energy Washington, D. C. 20585. 5. â€Å"Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs†(Version 5. 0, May 4, 2007) -Hugh Jack
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